Blog Ekkehard Friebe

by Dr. M. Simhony, Israel

"EXPANDING UNIVERSE"- THE GREATEST MATHEMATICAL DECEPTION IN 20-TH CENTURY PHYSICS
1. Blueshifts, Redshifts, and the Doppler Effect. Based on the Faraday’s dielectric ether wave-theory of light, C.J.Doppler derived in 1842, that when the source (emitter) and/or the receiver (observer) of light move toward each other, then the frequency f’ of the received light is higher than the frequency f of light received when they are at rest. The frequencies of the received light, with all its spectral colors and lines, are thus shifted toward the higher frequency blue light. The received light is blue-shifted, by the difference between these frequencies, f ’ – f.

The ratio (f’ – f)/f , is the blueshift value of the light. When the emitter and/or receiver move away from one another, the frequency of the received light is lowered, red-shifted, by f ’ – f. The ratio (f ’ – f)/f , is the redshift value of the light. Doppler found that the blueshifts or redshifts are equal to the velocity v of the emitter relative to the receiver, divided by the velocity of light c. The formula for the Doppler effect is thus (f ’- f)/f = v/c.

Therefore, e.g., if mother Earth would be moving toward (instead of around) the sun with Her velocity of 30 km/s, a ten-thousandth of the velocity of light (v/c=0.0001), we would observe in our spectrometers, that the frequencies of all lines in the sunlight spectrum are blueshifted by a ten-thousandth of their "normal" values f. Moving with this velocity away from the Sun, we would observe a redshift of all spectral lines by a ten-thousandth of their "normal" frequencies f.
Doppler’s derivations disagreed with the false "accepted scientific knowledge" that "the velocity of the emitter shall just add to the velocity of the emitted light". Doppler’s work was published, because this was the golden era of "freedom of publication" in science. However it was bitterly opposed by scientists during two decades. It did not help that the Doppler Effect could be observed in the higher pitch (or frequency) of the sound of the whistle of an approaching locomotive, and in the reduced frequency or lower pitch, when the locomotive moved away. Doppler died in 1853, unappreciated for his great discovery.
In 1860, Ernst Mach suggested that the Doppler Effect might be observed in spectra of light from stars. In 1868, W.Huggins observed redshifts and blueshifts in such spectra, from which stars were found moving away and toward us with velocities ranging from 0.3 to ~100 km/s.

2. Absorption of Waves and Absorptional Redshift. Each material medium, no matter how carefully formed, always contains some irregularities. When a wave in a medium reaches an irregularity, then the wave energy may be absorbed, i.e., swallowed or caught in the medium, in or around the irregularity, i.e., in the absorbing center. Absorption can be linear or non-linear, partial or complete, and forever or temporary, i.e., followed by re-emission. Numbers of all absorption events increase with, 1), the distance crossed by the wave in the medium, and with, 2), the concentration of absorbing centers in the medium (along the wave’s direction of propagation).
Linear absorption reduces the vibrational energy of particles constituting the wave-carrying medium. This is expressed in the reduced intensity of light or sound (reduced "volume"). In non-linear absorption, the frequency of the wave decreases. This happens, e.g., when absorbing atoms re-emit light of lower frequency. Even when the number of non-linear absorption events is insignificant compared with the number of linear events, waves received after passing long distances have reduced intensities and frequencies. Sounds from far away have a lower pitch. Radio waves, which traveled over our globe, fade to a lower frequency.
Consider, e.g., sunlight reaching us after sunrise and before sunset, when the full disk of the sun is seen well above ("palm off") the horizon. This sunlight crosses long distances in layers of air, adjacent to the surface of earth, where the concentration of absorbing centers is much higher than in the upper levels of atmosphere. The intensity of this sunlight is significantly reduced by linear absorption, allowing us to look at the disk of the sun without damage to our eyes.
In addition, the disk of the sun is seen reddish in color, and so is also our hanging-to-dry snow-white laundry. Hence, sunlight reaching our eyes (and the laundry) went also through non-linear absorption events that shifted some light frequencies toward the lower frequency red light, and resulted in this absorptional redshift of light. 

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