{"id":1381,"date":"2009-03-10T18:08:48","date_gmt":"2009-03-10T17:08:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/?p=1381"},"modified":"2009-03-10T18:20:55","modified_gmt":"2009-03-10T17:20:55","slug":"a-new-non-doppler-redshift","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/a-new-non-doppler-redshift\/","title":{"rendered":"A New Non-Doppler Redshift"},"content":{"rendered":"

A New Non-Doppler Redshift<\/span>
\n<\/a><\/strong>by Paul Marmet,<\/span><\/a><\/strong> Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics
\nNational Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6
\nUpdated from: Physics Essays<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, Vol. 1, No: 1, p. 24-32, 1988<\/p>\n

Zitat:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 It is known that many astronomical observations cannot be explained by means of the ordinary Doppler shift interpretation.\u00a0 The mere examination of a recent catalog of objects having very large redshifts shows that among 109 quasi-stellar objects for which both absorption and emission lines could be measured, the value of the absorption redshift of a given object is always different from the one measured in emission for the same object.\u00a0 It is clear that such results cannot be explained as being due solely to a Doppler redshift.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 A new mechanism must be looked for, in order to explain those inconsistent redshifts and many other observations related to the „redshift controversy“.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 It is possible to calculate a very slight inelastic scattering phenomenon compatible with observed redshifts using electromagnetic theory and quantum mechanics, without the need to introduce ad hoc<\/em> physical hypotheses.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 A careful study of the mechanism for the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by gaseous atoms and molecules shows that an electron is always momentarily accelerated as a consequence of the momentum transfer imparted by a photon.\u00a0 Such an acceleration of an electric charge produces bremsstrahlung.\u00a0<\/p>\n

It is shown in the present work that this phenomenon has a very large cross section in the forward direction and that the energy lost by bremsstrahlung causes a slight redshift.\u00a0 It is also demonstrated that the relative energy loss of the electromagnetic wave for blackbody radiation, such as for many celestial objects, follows the same „Dn\/n\u00a0=\u00a0 constant“ law as if it were a Doppler law.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 This redshift appears indistinguishable from the Doppler shift except when resonant states are present in the scattering gas.\u00a0 It is also shown that the lost energy should be detectable mostly as low frequency radio waves.\u00a0 The proposed mechanism leads to results consistent with many redshifts reported in astrophysical data.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. Introduction<\/strong>
\n\u00a0 Astrophysical observations show that the electromagnetic radiation originating from cosmological objects is often redshifted.\u00a0 Except for some hypothesis such as assuming that it is a gravitational redshift, this has always been interpreted as a Doppler shift.\u00a0 To date, the interaction of light with interstellar gas has not been seriously considered as a possible mechanism responsible for the observed redshift because no known forward scattering process could be demonstrated to lead to an effect compatible with common astronomical observations.\u00a0 The redshift observed in astronomy that agrees with a shift of Doppler origin, follows the relationship:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>\"\"<\/td>\n(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

where Dn is the change in frequency of the radiation and n is the frequency of the emitted light.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Thomson scattering however does not lead to Eq. (1).\u00a0 In this case, electrons accelerated by the transverse electric field of the incident electromagnetic radiation emit radiation due to their transversal acceleration.\u00a0 For example, the polarized blue radiation scattered by the daytime sky results from the transverse acceleration of bound electrons by visible light.\u00a0 It is well known that the cross section leading to such scattering increases very rapidly as a function of frequency n and therefore cannot lead to a red shift following Eq. (1).<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Let us now consider the photon momentum in the direction of the propagation of the wave. It is this momentum which produces the Compton effect.\u00a0 In this case, the momentum transfer from the photon to the electron is taken into account.\u00a0 However, no one has ever fully taken into account the bremsstrahlung resulting from the momentum transferred to an electric charge, when the energy of the electromagnetic radiation is imparted to electrons or atoms. Although Boekelheide (1)<\/sup> and Cavanaugh (2)<\/sup> observed energy losses at very high energy due to relativistic effects on free electrons called „double Compton scattering“, no one (3)<\/sup> has found a full solution to the S-matrix that could describe electromagnetic wave interaction on atom at very low energy.\u00a0 It is this low energy interaction which is interesting here.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Maxwell’s equations predict that radiation is emitted as a consequence of the change of velocity (acceleration) of the electron impinged on, due to momentum transfer.\u00a0 That point has been taken into account in quantum electrodynamics as explained by Jauch and Rohrlich (3)<\/a><\/sup> who show that such a phenomenon always exists, as seen in their statement:<\/p>\n

\u00a0 „This bremsstrahlung or deceleration radiation with the emission of a single photon is a well defined process only within certain limits: The simultaneous emission of very soft photons – too soft to be observed within the accuracy of the energy determination of the incident outgoing electron<\/strong><\/em> –<\/strong><\/em> <\/strong><\/em>can never be excluded. In fact, this <\/em>radiation is always present even in the so-called elastic scattering <\/em>(3)<\/a><\/sup> .“<\/strong>\u00a0 In this paper, we consider this problem at very low energy (visible light and lower energy) where classical considerations are still mostly valid.\u00a0 We further consider the case of photon scattering on atoms at an extremely low atom density, which is a condition prevailing in outer space. In the usual treatment of the Compton effect, bremsstrahlung is neglected.\u00a0 In these circumstances, it is known that the change Dl in wavelength is given by:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>\"\"<\/td>\n(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

where h = Planck’s constant, me<\/sub> = mass of the electron, c = velocity of light in vacuum and q = scattering angle.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 From Eq. (2), we must notice that at any angle of scattering, bremsstrahlung is completely neglected.\u00a0 However, the electron is accelerated during the scattering.\u00a0 In order to illustrate the basic principle leading to an energy loss due to bremsstrahlung, let us examine the case of 90o <\/sup>Compton scattering on a free electron which is initially at rest.\u00a0 The photon momentum transferred to the electron is such that the collision imparts motion to it.\u00a0 Since the electron, initially at rest, becomes in motion after the impact, somehow it must have been accelerated.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 According to electromagnetic theory, any accelerated charge must emit bremsstrahlung.\u00a0 Since the Compton electron has been accelerated, it must emit bremsstrahlung.\u00a0 Although the energy emitted due to such acceleration is extremely small, it is not zero and should not be neglected as done at low energy.\u00a0 It will be seen that this energy loss adds a slight correction to Eq. (2).\u00a0 The case of interaction at q\u00a0=\u00a00 requires special considerations.\u00a0 It can be considered either as an extreme case of Compton scattering (q\u00a0=\u00a00) or better as the simple transmission of radiation through the particles of a gas.\u00a0 In the latter case, the scattering angle is essentially zero degrees, but the physical reality of interaction with atoms is evident because the observed average speed of light is reduced in gases.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 This reduced speed of light in gases is frequently calculated with the help of the index of refraction.\u00a0 In this paper, that parameter will be calculated as the group velocity and will be considered in more detail below.\u00a0 The interaction during transmission (or the scattering angle q = 0) is the only one that will be treated in this paper, since it leads to measurable predictions of light traveling through space.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 In order to be able to evaluate the energy loss due to such a phenomenon, one needs to calculate different parameters such as the time of coherence of the electromagnetic radiation, the index of refraction of gases, and several other quantities.\u00a0 These parameters will be calculated in Appendices A and B.<\/p>\n

(Zitatende)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lesen Sie bitte hier<\/span><\/a><\/strong> weiter!<\/p>\n

Beachten Sie\u00a0auch die Hinweise zu Paul Marmet in Kapitel 4<\/span><\/a><\/strong>
\nder Dokumentation von G. O. Mueller<\/span><\/a><\/strong>. Suchwort: Marmet<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A New Non-Doppler Redshift by Paul Marmet, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 Updated from: Physics Essays, Vol. 1, No: 1, p. 24-32, 1988 Zitat: Abstract \u00a0 It is known that many astronomical observations cannot be explained by means of the ordinary Doppler shift interpretation.\u00a0 The mere examination of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-projekt"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1381"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1381"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1381\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekkehard-friebe.de\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}